Understanding Railways Series:
UK Railway Industry for Dummies, focusing on Rail Infrastructure
Railway Infrastructure - Signalling (this post)
Signalling for Railways
Historically, trains were operated by a driver who knew a lot about the train, the route, and the equipment. The driver controlled speed, signalling, and braking distance, and had to manage the train, the driving, and the route information affecting them. Signalling helped the driver determine whether the line was clear or approaching, when to slow down, and provided reminders, allowing the driver to control the train safely while managing multiple factors.
Advancements in technology have built on existing infrastructure and approaches, enabling more trains, safer travel, and better information. For example, wheel counters allow signalling to ensure that a train and all its wheels have cleared a section.
Telecommunications allow a central control centre (ROC) to communicate with the drivers. GSM-R...
The train should run regardless of temporary telecommunications issues or unavailability (assuming it is safe). The onboard computer on every train can provide the driver with information or act on it, such as automatically stopping the train if it detects a red light while the train is on the section of track the driver is entering.
ETCS is for modern signalling; the fundamental principle is that all trains, routes and tracks can be managed centrally safely (see SIL4). Everything on the railway has to be safe. Super safe; if unsure, the principle is to stop.
Common Equipment
Balise
A Balise is a device mounted on the track between the two rails that sends messages to a train as it passes overhead, primarily conveying the train's position.
Understanding Railways Series:
UK Railway Industry for Dummies, focusing on Rail Infrastructure
Railway Infrastructure - Signalling (this post)
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